this guide in Word
This guide gives examples of one way of setting out references for an assignment. The APA style is detailed in the following manual, which contains many more examples.
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (5th ed.). (2001). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. R & InfoHelp
150.149 AME 2001
- Citing in the text
- Footnotes
- Referencing Styles General information
- Other APA style guides
Book Reference
Bibliographic details are given as follows:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year of publication). Title of book: Subtitle. (Edition [if not first]). Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples:
Book with single author:Reynolds, H. (2000). Black pioneers. Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin.
Two to six authors:
Gilbert, R., & Gilbert, P. (1998). Masculinity goes to school. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin.
More than six authors:
After the sixth author's name and initials, use et al. to indicate the remaining authors.
Book with editor(s):
Broinowski, A. (Ed.). (1990). ASEAN into the 1990s. London: Macmillan.
Nugent, S. L., & Shore, C. (Eds.). (1997). Anthropology and cultural studies. London: Pluto Press.
Book, author not known:
Longman dictionary of the English language. (1984). Harlow, Essex: Longman.
Book with author and editor:
Austen, J. (2005). Mansfield Park (J. Wiltshire, Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Book other than first edition:
Goudie, A. (2000). The human impact on the natural environment (5th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
Book with more than one volume:
Corsini, R. J. (Ed.). (1994). Encyclopedia of psychology (4 vols). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
Topliss, H. (1985). Tom Roberts 1856 - 1931: A catalogue raisonné: Vol.2. Plates. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Book with corporate author:
Dames & Moore. (1995). Environmental management plan: Townsville Field Training Area. Brisbane: Author.
Chapter or Article in a Book
Bibliographic details are given as follows:
Author's surname, initials. (year of publication). Title of chapter: Subtitle. In Editor/s (Ed/s.), Title of book (pp.xx-yy). Place of publication: Publisher's name.
Examples:
Fontana, A., & Frey, J. (1994). Interviewing: The art of science. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. (pp. 361-376). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Beck, W. (1994). Food processing. In D.Horton (Ed.), The encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia: Vol. 1. (pp. 380-382). Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.
Journal Article
Bibliographic details are given as follows:
Author's surname, initials. (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), page numbers.
Examples:
Journal article:
Rogers, G. (1999). Reflections on teaching remote and isolated children. Education in Rural Australia, 9(2), 65-68.
Newspaper article:
Lawlor, A. (2000, July 20). Phoenician 'find' makes textbooks ancient history. The Courier Mail, p. 3.
Conference Papers
Gleeson, L. (1996). Inside looking out. In Claiming a place: Proceedings from the Third National Conference of the Children's Book Council of Australia (pp. 22-34). Port Melbourne: D.W. Thorpe.
Abbott, K., & Seymour, J. (1997, September 20). Trapping the papaya fruit fly in north Queensland. Paper presented at the Australian Entomological Society Conference, Melbourne.
Thesis
Ward, I. (1998). Sedimentary history of the Pandora wreck and surrounds. Unpublished master's thesis, James Cook University, Townsville.
Government Publication
Queensland. Queensland Health. (1992). Towards a women's health policy: Social justice for women. Brisbane: Author.
Australian Bureau of Statisitcs. (1994). Building approvals Australia. (No. 8731.0). Canberra: Author.
Further Examples
Two entries by same author, same date:
Allan, M. S. (1983a). Uses of video recording in an institution. In McGovern, J. (Ed.), Video applications in English language teaching (pp. 83-93). London: Pergamon.
Allan, M. S. (1983b). Viewing comprehension with video. ELT Journal, 37(1), 23-27.
Work with multiple authors
Follow the same rules for journals and other works as for Book with Multiple Authors
Collins, J. (1993). Immigrant families in Australia. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 24, 291-315. Abstract obtained from Multicultural Education Abstracts, 1995, 14, Abstract No. 95M/064.
(See also Electronic Abstract)Book Review
Alderson, C. (1995). Managing change in schools. [Review of the book Managing change in schools]. Australian Journal of Education, 39(2), 203-204.
Personal communication
For example, letters, memos, email, interviews, telephone conversation.
Because they don't provide recoverable data, personal communications are not included in the reference list. Cite in text only.
M. Jones (personal communication, April 4, 2002)
(R. Brown, personal communication, July 23, 2000)Electronic References
Electronic sources include databases, online books and journals, Web sites or Web pages, newsgroups, email discussion groups.
E-Books
NetLibrary: Online book previously published in print
Dealey, C. (1999). The care of wounds: A guide for nurses. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Retrieved August 24, 2007, from NetLibrary: http://www.netlibrary.com
Journal Articles
Journal article retrieved from an aggregated database
Dixon, M. R., & Hayes, L. J. (1999). A behavioral analysis of dreaming . Psychological Record, 49, 605-612. Retrieved August 30, 2001, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.
Citing in textInternet article based on a print source
Sherry, A. (2000). Building the bridge: Taking feminism into the twenty-first century [Electronic version]. Australian Feminist Studies, 15, 221-226.
Citing in textArticle in an internet-only journal
DeMarie, D. (2001, Spring). A trip to the zoo: Children's words and photographs. Early Childhood Research and Practice, 3(1). Retrieved August 30, 2001, from http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v3n1/demarie.html
Citing in textLudwig, D. N. (1996). Preschool children's cognitive styles and their social orientations. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70, 915-921. Abstract retrieved January 25, 1997, from PsycINFO database.
(See also Print Abstract )Internet publication based on a print source (for journal articles, see above)
Rothman, S., & McMillan, J. (2003). Influences on achievement in literacy and numeracy. [Electronic version]. Melbourne: Australian Council for Educational Research.
The Mariner 2002: Undergraduate student information. (2002). Retrieved April 3, 2002, from James Cook University Web site: http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/ns/Notices/General/Mariner/Contents.html
Citing in textAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). 1996 Census of Population and Housing: Northern (Statistical Division) Queensland. [Data file]. Retrieved July 17, 2004, from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Web site, http://www.abs.gov.au
Citing in textConference paper online / ERIC document
Schafer, M., & Moody, M. (2003, April 22). Designing accountability assessments for teaching . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL. (ED476429). Retrieved May 3, 2005, from ERIC database.
Bond, T. (2004). ED1401: Childhood and adolescence, week 12 notes. [Word document]. Retrieved February 23, 2005, from http://learnjcu2004.jcu.edu.au
Smith, M. (2001, March 11). Northern and Italian renaissance [Msg 13]. Message posted to http://groups.google.com/groups/humanities.misc/message13
Citing in text
Emails sent from one individual to another are cited as a personal communication. Emails to groups can also be treated this way.
Audiovisual References
York, F. A. (1990). Children's songs of the Torres Strait Islands [Cassette recording]. Bateman's Bay, N.S.W.: Owen Martin.
Diamond, N. (1970). Cracklin' Rosie. On Tap Root Manuscript [Record]. Universal City, CA: MCA.
(In text citation, include side and band or track numbers.)Loi, M-A. (1997). Green tree frogs. [Illustration]. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Environment.
Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.
Citing in the Text
When you include information from another source in your essay, you need to acknowledge it in the text. You should include the author, year and sometimes the page number. The person reading your essay can then refer to the bibliography/reference list at the end, and see exactly where you found your information.
Including the author's name as part of the sentence emphasises the author.
Brown (2002, p. 75) has argued strongly that ...Placing the author's name in brackets emphasises the information.
A strong argument has been made (Brown, 2002, p. 75) ...Quoting directly from someone elseWhen you borrow or quote someone else's words, the quote is usually placed in quotation marks, e.g.
Using a very long quoteThis is reflected in the idea that "schools of thought, methodologies and research techniques reflect their social origins" (Hayes, 1995, p. 53).
If it is a very long quote (more than 40 words), you can place it in a free-standing indented paragraph starting on a new line. In this case, you don't need to use quotation marks. Insert three full stops - ... - if any words are omitted.
Source not quoted exactly as it was writtenChildren are, and have been, economically important to adults/parents in several ways. For those with wealth and land, children, and boys in particular, are and have been crucial ... as heirs. Inheritance, or course, has also been of central political importance; many of the wars that raged through medieval Europe focused on contested inheritance of lands and kingdoms. (Gittins, 1998, p. 59)
Sometimes you might paraphrase or summarise another author's ideas to back up your own statements. Often you are not quoting them directly. Remember though, if you are using their ideas or data, you still must give them the credit. E.g.
Quoting something that someone else has quotedSchwarz (1999) questions the use of surveys as measurement devices.
It is argued by Bazzaz (1996) that comparative research in several ecosystems will lead to an understanding of succession as an ecological process.
Sometimes in your reading you might come across a quote in another author's article that would be suitable to use. In this case, the best idea is to try and find the original quote to examine the context in which it was written. If that isn't possible, there are special rules for 'quoting a quote'.
Wembley (1997, cited in Olsen, 1999, p. 156) argues that impending fuel shortages give added impetus to developing alternative energy sources.
Include the author and year of both texts, and the page of the citation you are quoting from. Use the words 'cited in' which means 'mentioned in'. In your reference list or bibliography you only include the text that you yourself have read, i.e. Olsen would be listed in the reference list from this example.
If a work has two authors, always cite both names every time.
(Griffiths & Clyne, 1988)
Griffiths and Clyne (1988) stated that ...If a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. After that include only the surname of the first author followed by et al., and the year if it is the first citation in the paragraph.
(Muspratt, Luke & Freebody, 1997)
Muspratt, Luke and Freebody (1997) found that … [First citation in text]
Muspratt et al. (1997) found that … [Subsequent first citation in paragraph]
Muspratt et al. found that … [Subsequent citations in same paragraph]If a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author, followed by et al. and the year for all citations.
Citing Electronic References
Dixon and Hayes (1999) or (Dixon & Hayes, 1999)
Go to referenceSherry (2000) or (Sherry, 2000)
Go to referenceDeMarie (2001) or (DeMarie, 2001)
Go to referenceThe Mariner 2002 (2002) or (The Mariner 2002, 2002)
Go to referenceFirst text citation: (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2000)
Subsequent text citations: (ABS, 2000)
(Some group authors would be written in full every time, e.g. University of Sydney)
(Go to reference)Smith (2001) or (Smith, 2001)
(Go to reference)Footnotes
Footnotes are usually an elaboration of an afterthought on some aspect of the text or they provide further information which would interrupt the flow of the text if placed in the body of the text. If you decide to include a footnote, place it at the bottom of the page and separate it by a ruled line from the main text.A superscript number in the text will be used to reference the footnote at the bottom of the page. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively through the text. [See APA Manual p.325]
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