this guide in Word
- This guide gives examples of one way of setting out references for an assignment.
- The Harvard system (also called the author-date system) as used in the following examples is detailed in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn. This manual contains many more examples.
- If your lecturer asks you to use Harvard, you may need to check which version you are required to use - there are different versions.
- Your bibliography appears at the end of your assignment or paper, with items listed alphabetically.
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Book reference
Bibliographic details are given as follows:
Author, AA, Author, BB & Author, CC year of publication, Title of book: subtitle, edition [if not first], Publisher, Place of publication. Examples:
Book with single author:
Reynolds, H 2000, Black pioneers, Penguin, Ringwood, Vic.
Book with 2 (or more) authors:
Gilbert, R & Gilbert, P 1998, Masculinity goes to school, Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards, N.S.W.
Holmes, D, Hughes, KP & Julian, R 2003, Australian sociology: a changing society, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.
The names of all authors should be provided in the reference list.
Book with editor(s):
Broinowski, A (ed.) 1990, ASEAN into the 1990s, Macmillan, London.Nugent, SL & Shore, C (eds) 1997, Anthropology and cultural studies, Pluto Press, London.
Book, author or editor not known:
Longman dictionary of the English language 1984, Longman, Harlow, Essex.(Anonymous and Anon. should be avoided.)
Book with author and editor:
Austen, J 2005, Mansfield Park, ed. J Wiltshire, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Book other than first edition:
Goudie, A 2000, The human impact on the natural environment, 5th edn, Blackwell, Oxford.Book with more than one volume:
Corsini, RJ (ed.) 1994, Encyclopedia of psychology, 4 vols, J. Wiley & Sons, New York.Topliss, H 1985, Tom Roberts 1856 - 1931: a catalogue raisonne, vol. 2, Plates, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Book with corporation, institution or other organisation as author:
Dames & Moore 1995, Environmental management plan: Townsville Field Training Area, Dames & Moore, Brisbane.Where the authoring body has a long name, an abbreviation can be used in the text, e.g.
The National Health and Medical Research Council presented the statement in 1999 (NHMRC 1999).
Provide a cross-reference in the reference list:
NHMRC -- See National Health and Medical Research Council
National Health and Medical Research Council 1999, National statement on ethical conduct in research involving humans, NHMRC, Canberra.Chapter or article in a book
Bibliographic details are given as follows:
Author, AA year of publication, 'Title of chapter', in Editor/s (ed./s), Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication, pp. xx-yy. Examples:
Fontana, A & Frey, J 1994, 'Interviewing: the art of science', in N Denzin & Y Lincoln (eds), Handbook of qualitative research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 361-376.Beck, W 1994, 'Food processing', in D Horton (ed.), The encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, pp. 380-382.
(It is not always necessary to include the page numbers.)
Journal article
Bibliographic details are given as follows:
Author, AA year of publication, 'Title of article', Title of Journal, vol. xx, no. yy, pp. xy-z. Examples:
Journal article:
Rogers, G 1999, 'Reflections on teaching remote and isolated children', Education in Rural Australia, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 65-8.Newspaper article:
Lawlor, A 2000, 'Phoenician 'find' makes textbooks ancient history', Courier Mail, 20 July, p. 3.Conference papers
Published:
Gleeson, L 1996, 'Inside looking out', Claiming a place: proceedings from the third national conference of the Children's Book Council of Australia, D.W. Thorpe, Port Melbourne, pp. 22-34.Unpublished:
Abbott, K & Seymour, J 1997, 'Trapping the papaya fruit fly in north Queensland', paper presented at the Australian Entomological Society conference, Melbourne, 28-30 September.Thesis
Ward, I 1998, 'Sedimentary history of the Pandora wreck and surrounds', M.A. thesis, James Cook University, Townsville.Government publication
Queensland Health 1992, Towards a women's health policy: social justice for women. Queensland Health, Brisbane.Australian Bureau of Statistics 1994, Building approvals Australia, cat.no. 8731.0, ABS, Canberra.
Maps
Bibliographic details are given as follows:
Issuing Body, date, Title of map, Series, Publisher, Place of Publication. Example:
Division of National Mapping, Australia, 1976, Sydney, Australia 1:100 000 National Topographic Map Series, Sheet 9130, Division of National Mapping, Australia.
Further Examples
Two entries by same author, same date:
Allan, MS 1983a, 'Uses of video recording in an institution', in McGovern, J (ed.), Video applications in English language teaching, Pergamon, London, pp. 83-93.——1983b, 'Viewing comprehension with video', ELT Journal, vol. 37, no.1, pp. 23-27.
Title in a series
O'Brien, K 2003, Telling it the way it is: a personal journey, Sir Robert Madgwick lecture no. 15, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W.
Personal communication
For example, a conversation, interview, phone call, letter, handout, lecture notes.
Permission should be obtained before using as a reference.
If the full details are included in the text, no entry is needed in the reference list.
See also in-text references.Electronic References
Electronic sources include databases, online journals, Web sites or Web pages, newsgroups, email discussion groups.
The Style manual for authors, editors and printers does not go into much detail about citing electronic material; electronic journals, for example, are not mentioned. However, "the principles applying to the citation of paper-based sources are equally relevant: clarity, accuracy, consistency, and a methodical description of the path to the source" (p. 230). The examples below follow the guidelines as closely as possible.
Provide the following information in a reference to a web resource:
Web site
Author - person or organisation responsible
Site date - when created or last revised
Name and place of the sponsor
Date viewed
URLWeb document
Author or editor
Date of document - created or revised
Title
Description if applicable
Name and place of sponsor
Date viewed
URLWeb site
National Library of Australia 2002, National Library of Australia, Canberra, viewed 30 July 2002, <http://www.nla.gov.au>.Document within a web site
School of Nursing 2002, The Mariner 2002: undergraduate student information, James Cook University, Townsville, viewed 3 April 2002, <http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/ns/Notices/General/Mariner/Contents.html>.Journal article from an electronic database
Dixon, MR & Hayes, LJ 1999, 'A behavioral analysis of dreaming', Psychological Record, vol. 49, pp. 605-612, Expanded Academic ASAP International, viewed 30 August 2001, <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/james_cook>.Journal article from an electronic journal
DeMarie, D 2001, 'A trip to the zoo: children's words and photographs', Early Childhood Research and Practice, vol. 3, no. 1, viewed 30 August 2001, <http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v3n1/demarie.html>.Audiovisual References
Title Date of recording, format, Publisher, Place of recording. Credits and other information. Children's songs of the Torres Strait Islands 1990, cassette recording, Owen Martin, Bateman's Bay, N.S.W. Collected and edited by Frank A York.Diamond, N 1970, record, Cracklin' Rosie, on Tap Root Manuscript, MCA, Universal City, CA.
You can count on me 2000, motion picture, Paramount Pictures, United States. Producer Martin Scorsese, writer/director K Lonergan.
Citing in the Text
When you include information from another source in your essay, you must acknowledge it within the text of your assignment. The family name of the author or authors and the year of publication is usually all that is required, however when page numbers might be useful to the reader, include them in the in-text citation. The person reading your essay can then refer to the reference list at the end, and see exactly where you found your information.
Including the author's name as part of the sentence emphasises the author.
Brown (2002) has argued strongly that...Placing the author's name in brackets emphasises the information.
A strong argument has been made (Brown 2002) ...
- Quoting directly from someone else
When you borrow or quote someone else's words, the quote is usually placed in quotation marks, e.g.
This is reflected in the idea that "schools of thought, methodologies and research techniques reflect their social origins" (Hayes 1995, p.53).
- Using a very long quote
If the quote is more than 40 words, you can place it in a free-standing indented paragraph starting on a new line. In this case, you don't need to use quotation marks. Insert three full stops - ... - if any words are omitted.
Children are, and have been, economically important to adults/parents in several ways. For those with wealth and land, children, and boys in particular, are and have been crucial ... as heirs. Inheritance, or course, has also been of central political importance; many of the wars that raged through medieval Europe focused on contested inheritance of lands and kingdoms. (Gittins 1998, p. 59)
- Source not quoted exactly as it was written
Sometimes you might paraphrase or summarise another author's ideas to back up your own statements. Often you are not quoting them directly. Remember though, if you are using their ideas or data, you still must give them the credit. E.g.
Schwarz (1999) questions the use of surveys as measurement devices.
It is argued by Bazzaz (1996) that comparative research in several ecosystems will lead to an understanding of succession as an ecological process.
- Quoting something that someone else has quoted
Sometimes in your reading you might come across a quote in another author's article that would be suitable to use. In this case, the best idea is to try and find the original quote to examine the context in which it was written. If that isn't possible, there are special rules for 'quoting a quote'.
Wembley (1997, cited in Olsen 1999, p. 156) argues that impending fuel shortages give added impetus to developing alternative energy sources.
Include the author and year of both texts, and the page of the citation you are quoting from. Use the words 'cited in' which means 'mentioned in'. In your reference list or bibliography you should only include the text that you yourself have read, i.e. Olsen would be listed in the reference list from this example.
If a work has two or three authors, cite the names in the order they appear on the title page.
(Griffiths & Clyne 1988)
Griffiths and Clyne (1988) stated that ...(Muspratt, Luke & Freebody 1997)
Muspratt, Luke and Freebody (1997) found that ...If a work has more than three authors, show only the name of the first author followed by et al. (meaning 'and others').
Leggat et al. (2003) found that ...
N.B. All authors' names are provided in the reference list.
Examples:
When interviewed on 16 May 2000, Ms G Jones confirmed... (G Jones 2000, pers. comm., 16 May)
Mr R Brown (GBRMPA) denied this by email on 16 May 2000.
Please contact Helen Hooper if you have any comments, suggestions or additions.
If this information is inadequate, incorrect, or can be improved in any way, please let us know